Extreme Depictions of Feminism Essay example -- John Irving World Acco

Extreme Depictions of Feminism in John Irving's The World According to Garp and Catherine MacKinnon's Sexuality In the classroom, in popular culture and in suburbia, to call someone or something 'extreme' is enough to completely eliminate his, her or its credibility. 'Extreme' has become a derogatory comment. In this paper, I will be dealing with two extreme depictions of feminism; one from John Irving's novel The World According to Garp and the other Catherine MacKinnon's essay "Sexuality." It is important to keep in mind that some have argued that the extreme views of any movement for social change are important because they push boundaries and make other voices of the movement sound more reasonable (thus gaining more support). In my dealings both these works, I want to avoid falling into the defensive trap. While feminists are negatively portrayed in the Irving's novel as extreme, anti-male, and apocalyptic, I want to get past a knee-jerk dismissal of the novel and get at Irving's commentary on the feminist movement because I believe that it can provide valuable insights into feminism. Similarly, I will not automatically run away from MacKinnon's essay because her feminism is so radical. The rhetoric in which MacKinnon phrases her arguments is apocalyptic, and she serves here as my "real" example. What I find most important is that 'extreme' is not automatically a dismissal. I do not want to lose track of this position because it can work as a counter-text to some of my arguments within this paper. Both of these depictions are compelling, they seduce their reader, if only momentarily, into believing their portrait of feminism. I can only speak for myself in reporting reactions to these texts. I found "Sexuality" per... ...Womanhood," in Free Spirits, ed. Kate Mehuron, Gary Percesepe, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall) 1995, 339-351. . 53, Death and Desire. .493, Feminisms. . Norman Cohn, "Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith" (New Haven: Yale University Press) 1993, 227. . Quinby, Lee. "Genealogical Feminism" in Anti-Apocalypse (London: University of Minneapolis Press) 1994, 33. .Gregory M. Herek. APsychological Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Violence: The Social Psychology of Bigotry and Bashing@ in the Men=s Lives anthology (Third Edition). Ed. Michael S, Kimmel and Michael A. Messner. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon) 1995, 341-353. .Frances Bartkowski.@Epistemic Drift in Foucault@ in the anthology Feminism & Foucault:Reflections on Resistance. Ed. Irene Diamond and Lee Quinby.(Boston: Northeastern University Press) 1988, 43-58

Measurement For Skin Absorption Health And Social Care Essay

Risk appraisal after cuticular exposure to chemical merchandises requires transdermal soaking up information in order to correlate the external exposure to systemic toxicity. High quality informations on transdermal soaking up are accomplished from human voluntary surveies. Although the usage of in vivo surveies is strongly demotivated for ethical constrains. The behavior of these surveies is non imaginable for a immense figure of chemicals and other merchandises. As a consequence there was a turning demand for in vitro checks to find transdermal soaking up. The OECD in vitro TG for finding of cuticular soaking up accepts the usage of tegument of many mammalian species, and human tegument. Due to its higher handiness, excised carnal tegument has been used widely for appraisal of transdermal soaking up of chemicals merchandises in homo. The usage of animate being tegument for soaking up measuring is more meaningful when a permeableness coefficient can be used for comparing with human informations. Thus one of the cardinal undertakings is the hunt for a nexus between in vitro carnal tegument soaking up proving and human surveies for anticipation of transdermal soaking up in worlds. Hence such a method can optimise the development of drugs and cut down the figure of human surveies needed. However due to the big figure of different animate being species reported, comparing is complex. Small alterations in methodological analysis used with a specific tegument theoretical account, skin phonograph record temperature, receiving system media, application dosage and diffusion country can hold a serious impact on the cuticular soaking up. Furthermore no formal proof method has been performed.In vitro and in vivo OECD compliant surveiesTransdermal soaking up can be measured utilizing in vivo or in vitro methods with worlds or animate beings. These soaking up trials need to be executed under conditions imitating those expected to happen during the exposures to be investigated for hazard appraisal. The intent of vitro surveies is that they can foretell in vivo soaking up when the appropriate methodological analysis for both methods is used ( WHO, 2006, p.79 ) . During in vivo experiments the microcirculation system ( blood and lymph vass ) may transport substances from the corium into the cardinal compartment ( reabsorption ) . In contrast to in vivo reabsorption of a substance can non be sufficient evaluated in vitro ( SCCS, 2010, p.6 ) .In vivoThe rat is the most recognized species used in in vivo transdermal soaking up measuring ( OECD, 2004b, p.2 ) . The OECD 427 in vivo method defines the finding of the incursion of the trial compound ( or metabolites ) through the tegument into the systemic compartment. One or multiple doses of the trial substance, sooner radioactive-labeled sample, are applied to the clipped tegumen t of the trial animate being for a described period. The expected human exposure defines the applied dosage and clip. The animate beings are later evaluated at periodic intervals for marks of toxicity, and day-to-day piss and fecal matters ( and sometimes expired air ) are sampled for the trial compound. Blood samples are compiled at regular intervals and when the animate being is killed. Distribution of the trial compound may be determined in tissue samples from the application site and the organic structure. The result of the measuring can be expressed as the rate, sum, or per centum of transdermal soaking up. Advantages of the OECD 427 TG are the coevals of kinetic information in a metabolically undamaged system ( OECD, 2004b, P.1 ) .In vitroIn vitro or ex in vivo experiments, have realized a important decrease in usage of trial animate beings. The in vitro trial is developed for the measuring of the permeableness of a trial substance across excised tegument. Distinct types of ho mo or animate being skin readyings can be applied. The excised tegument phonograph record is mounted in a inactive or flow-through ( dynamic ) diffusion chamber and the trial compound that penetrates the tegument is collected in a fluid reservoir. Ex in vivo human- and pig tegument are today the most often applied tegument types ( Sh & A ; auml ; fer et Al, 2008, p.161 ) . As illustrated in fig.1, beside the usage of in vitro informations as a standalone attack, and due to the extended usage of the rat in other toxicity surveies, a combination of three surveies ( in vivo rat/in vitro rat/in vitro human tegument ) increases truth of human cuticular soaking up appraisal ( OECD,2010, p.13.15 ) .2.2.1 Validation of in vitro diffusion cellsIt is normally recognized that most types of diffusion cells provide consistent measurings of skin soaking up rates for a scope of penetrants ( Chilcott et al, 2005, p. 633 ) . In a global survey at different research labs the fluctuation in transdermal soaking up was investigated in in-vitro diffusion cell utilizing a mention silicone gum elastic membrane, there was no differences between inactive and flow-through cells in skin permeableness ( Jakasa, Kezic, 2008, p. 283 ) . In vitro measurings have been applied for many old ages for appraisal of transdermal soaking up, in malice of the absence of official proof surveies on the OECD 428 TG. Furthermore the OECD guidelines for in-vitro checks approved the use of assorted protocols ( Jakasa, Kezic, 2008, p.286 ) .Histological and permeableness differences between human and carnal theoretical accountsHuman tegument consists of three basic beds, that is, the cuticle corium and hypodermis. Above all the skin barrier map is provided by the cuticle. Dermal soaking up quantifies the incursion of compounds through this skin barrier into the tegument. The quality of the outer bed of the cuticle the stratum horny layer controls the velocity of cuticular soaking up. Human cuticle is comprised of 3-5 beds, and no blood capillaries are present. The cuticle of the rat shows a higher denseness of hair follicles associated with greasy secretory organs, this difference in coat denseness obvious consequences in higher permeableness in in vitro tegument soaking up surveies ( Chilcott, 2008, p.13 ) . More in peculiar the histology of the porc ear tegument was compared to clamber of worlds. In general the consequences for stratum horny layer thickness and follicular denseness were similar for both skin theoretical accounts ( Jacobi et al, 2007, p.22 ) . The entire lipid content measured in hog cuticular pieces resembles better to the human as for the rat ( Gray, Yardley, 1975, p.434 ) . From histological position the hog is the most relevant species for foretelling in vitro human soaking up, in comparing to human tegument. On the other manus the rat is the most often used species in systemic toxicity testing, particularly due to the low cost, and handiness of historical informations ( Ross, Dong, Krieger, 2000, p.53 ) .Intra-species correlativity between in vitro and in vivo measuring for skin soaking upThe correlativity between in vivo and in vitro transdermal soaking up ( IVIV ) is illustrated for human and rat. In human fundamentally the permeableness features of excised stratum horny layer are consistent with those from in vivo. A more in depth probe was carried-out utilizing literature informations for skin soaking up following in vitro and in vivo trial protocols. In entire 92 measurings in vitro/in vivo were compiled out of 30 publications chiefly from toxicological- and drug developmental countries. The IVIV correlativity or ratio between in vitro/in vivo soaking up was examined by a mathematic theoretical account, utilizing the entire soaking up as the cardinal parametric quantity for comparing. The mean correlativity IVIV for the complete used information set was 1.6. Nevertheless fluctuation between an single illustration could lift up to ratios of 20 crease. On the other manus less than 3 fold difference was observed in 85 % of the informations ( Lehman, Raney, Franz, 2011, p. 225 ) . Another illustration is given for the rat. For all examined compounds in vitro rat skin soaking up was superior to in vivo consequences. From a regulative point of position this may be of usage for a first tier rating ( van Ravenzwaay, Leibold, 2004, p.421 ) .Inter-species correlativity between in vitro and in vivo measuring for skin soaking upDue to fluctuation in composing and construction of the stratum horny layer, cuticular thickness ( table 2 ) , and denseness of hair follicles in the tegument, there are significant differentiations among the assorted animate beings and compared to human ( Jakasa, Kezic, 2008, p.284 ) . A considerable correlativity between animate being and human tegument soaking up can be studied by measuring of permeableness coefficients. Inter-species differences in cuticular soaking up are known since long. Brandau and Lippon reported in 1982 that inter-species permeableness followed the following ranking from higher to lower soaking up: coney & A ; gt ; rat & A ; gt ; guinea-pig & A ; gt ; mini-pig & A ; gt ; Rhesus monkey & A ; gt ; adult male ( EU, 2004, P.4-5 ) . From a quantitative point of position rat tegument is 10 times more permeable as human tegument. This was concluded from in vivo informations. ( van Ravenzwaay, Leibold, 2004, p.421 ) . Several surveies have ranked skin incursion rates for different species and concluded that a similar relation ranking is applicable for other compounds. This decision is non good founded because the original probe encompasses merely a limited figure of substances ( Vecchia, Bunge, 2005, p.327 ) .6 Conclusion and recommendationsThe re levancy of in vitro surveies for foretelling in vivo skin soaking up can non be underestimated. Dermal toxicity testing is carried out to determine local and or systemic effects of a chemical due to topical exposure. It may supply a suggestion that the compound penetrates the tegument if it leads to systemic toxicity, but the measure of chemical absorbed is non quantified by this cuticular toxicity survey ( ECVAM, 2002 ) . As a effect more exact in vitro anticipation of in vivo tegument soaking up is a turning aspect of regulative surveies. In instances where no transdermal soaking up informations is obtained for a compound, it is accepted that 100 % of the chemical topical applied is systemically available. This is a extremist and conservative policy, and more precise information on transdermal soaking up will take to more comprehensive hazard direction for chemicals ( Jakasa, Kezic, 2008, p.281 ) . In vitro surveies present a figure of benefits compared to volunteer homo or animate being surveies, among which time- and cost nest eggs, improved duplicability for transdermal soaking up, and lower fluctuation due to less restricted parametric quantity ( WHO, 2006, p.38 ) . Important advancement is made in standardisation of in vitro transdermal soaking up, but betterment in correlativity between in vivo informations, has non yet been realized ( Jakasa, kezic, 2008, p. 282 ) . Still variableness is a cardinal job in in vitro transdermal soaking up measuring ( Chilcott et al, 2005, p.633 ) . Cuticular soaking up experiments following the OECD TG 428 and TG 427 have been accepted by the EU governments, although they are widely applied without go throughing an detailed proof procedure as it is common pattern today ( SCCS, 2010, p.8 ) . It is known that fluctuation in in vitro permeableness measuring may be caused by the possible usage of different tegument theoretical accounts ( WHO, 2006, p.17 ) , but the OECD 428 TG still allows the usage of these different theoretical accounts ( OECD, 2004a, p.3 ) . Therefore it is recommended that for hazard appraisal one criterion tegument beginning should be internationally accepted ( WHO, 2006, p.124 ) . Human tegument is a valuable option, nevertheless it is non easy to acquire all the clip. Further human tegument samples from venters, human leg, or chest and in add-on full thickness ( 500-1000 µm ) human tegument samples are recommend ( OECD, 2010, p.10 ) in order to minimise fluctuation. Today in pattern rat and hog tegument ar e the most favourable in in vitro transdermal soaking up experiments. An in vitro survey in rat tegument in isolation of other information is most likely of restricted regulative significance due to overestimate of skin soaking up. Pig skin tissue is a good option but particular competency is urging ( OECD, 2010, p.9 ) . This fluctuation in skin barrier map among different species finds its beginning in morphological differences particularly fluctuations in the denseness of hair follicles and histological differences in degrees of free fatty acids and triglycerides that appear to be important factors for fluctuation ( Netzlaff et al, 2006, p.499 ) . Beside the acknowledgment of one gold criterion tegument type for both in vitro and in vivo soaking up. Extra probe is indispensable to heighten and standardise methodological analysis to cut down variableness in in vitro transdermal soaking up experiments. Additional internal and external quality controls such as: validated analytical methods, cross-check made with a high quality criterion substance, cogent evidence of skin barrier public presentation and appropriate tegument readying are needed. Besides the usage of a mention membrane and standard substance as an secondary control is urging ( WHO, 2006, p.124 ) . Reconstructed human cuticle ( RHE ) may function as high-quality mention membrane ( Sch & A ; auml ; fer et Al, 2008, p.183 ) . Testosterone, caffeine, or benzoic acids are proposed as standard substance for proof during the executing of soaking up checks. Unfortunately the OECD TG 428 does non demand this standard substances/membrane to be measured together with the surve y under reappraisal ( OECD, 2010, p11 ) . Therefore a reappraisal of the OECD guideline from 2004 is recommended. Alternatively important correlativity between animate being and human theoretical account based on permeableness coefficients can supply grounds of unity of the usage theoretical account ( Vecchia, Bunge, 2005, p.306 ) . For some systems a correlativity is found between in vitro/in vivo informations obtained in animate being and in worlds. However there are besides many instances turn outing low correlativities. Today merely a little sum of validated correlativities have been published ( Godin, Touitou, 2007, p.8 ) . More attending should be paid to correlate in vitro and in vivo informations ( WHO, 2006, p.125 ) . Particularly for specific classs of chemicals such as pesticides, cosmetics and industrial chemicals where extra probe may ensue in development of a more altered and – elaborate counsel paperss ( Jakasa, Kezic, 2008, p.286 ) .Appendix: TablesTable 1: Appraisal of skin soaking up utilizing combination of surveies.Animalin vivoHumanin vivoAnimalin vitroHumanin vitroTa ble 2: Cuticular thickness in different groups Skin scours Thickness in  µm Mentions Hog ear 72 Jacobi et Al, 2007, p.22 Human shoulder 70 Jacobi et Al, 2007, p.22 Rat 32 Godin, Touitou,2007, p.3 Rabbit norm 10-29 Parchami, Dehkordi,2010, p.610

By Plane or Car Which Is Better for the Environment

Driving in a relatively fuel-efficient car (25–30 miles per gallon) usually generates fewer greenhouse-gas emissions than flying. In assessing the global warming impact of a trip from Philadelphia to Boston (about 300 miles), the environmental news website Grist.org calculates that driving would generate about 104 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2)—a leading greenhouse gas—per typical medium-sized car (regardless of the number of passengers) while flying on a commercial jet would produce some 184 kilograms of CO2 per passenger. Carpooling Generates the Fewest Greenhouse Gases While even driving alone would be better from the standpoint of greenhouse-gas emissions, carpooling makes the most environmental sense. Four people sharing a car would collectively be responsible for emitting only 104 kilograms of CO2, while the same four people taking up four seats on a plane would generate some 736 kilograms of carbon dioxide. Cross-Country Calculations Show Stark Contrasts Journalist Pablo Pà ¤ster of Salon.com extends the comparison further, to a cross-country trip, and comes to similar conclusions. Differences in the numbers are attributable to the use of slightly varying assumptions regarding fuel usage and source equations. Flying from San Francisco to Boston, for example, would generate some 1,300 kilograms of greenhouse gases per passenger each way, while driving would account for only 930 kilograms per vehicle. Again, although even driving alone has a lower carbon footprint than flying, sharing the drive with one or more people would lower each individual’s carbon footprint accordingly. Air Travel Is Economical for Long Distances Just because driving might be greener than flying doesn’t mean it always makes the most sense. It would cost far more in fuel to drive clear across the United States in a car than to fly nonstop coast-to-coast. That’s not even factoring in the time spent in restaurants and hotels along the way. Those interested in figuring out driving fuel costs can consult the American Automobile Associations nifty online Fuel Cost Calculator, where you can enter your starting city and destination as well as the year, make, and model of your car to get an accurate estimate of what it will cost to â€Å"fill ‘er up† between points A and B. Carbon Offsets Can Balance Travel-Related Emissions Once you’ve made your decision whether to drive or fly, consider purchasing carbon offsets for renewable energy development to balance out the emissions you are generating. TerraPass, among others, is a company that makes it easy to calculate your carbon footprint based on how much you drive and fly, and then will sell you offsets accordingly. Monies generated through carbon offsets fund alternative energy and other projects, such as wind farms, that will ultimately take a bite out of or eliminate greenhouse-gas emissions. TerraPass will also calculate your home energy consumption. Public Transportation Beats Both Car and Air Travel Of course, an individual’s emissions from riding a bus (the ultimate carpool) or a train would be significantly lower. Pà ¤ster adds that a cross-country train trip would generate about half the greenhouse-gas emissions of driving a car. The only way to travel greener might be to bicycle or walk—but the trip is long enough as it is.    Edited by Frederic Beaudry EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on DotDash Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.

Competing To Be the Highest (Skyscraper) in New York

Getting high in New York is nothing new. Neither is the race to the top, to become the biggest and brightest star or the highest skyscraper. On foot, approaching what may forever be known as Ground Zero, the pedestrian is struck by the gleaming, triangulated 1WTC amidst the neighboring boxes of International Style skyscrapers, older, stone Beaux Arts structures, and historic Gothic buildings like the Woolworth Building. In November 2014 lower Manhattan moved on—getting back in business as Condà © Nast publishers took occupancy of a good chunk of One World Trade Center. Like many of the skyscrapers in New York City, you cant see up to the very top of 1WTC when youre standing at the very bottom. Only with distance can you really see a skyscraper. In 2013, with the 18th section of its spire in place, 1WTC became the tallest structure in New York. At 1,776 feet, the David Childs-design was the third tallest skyscraper in the world when it opened in 2014. The Durst Organization and Tower 1 Joint Venture LLC at onewtc.com, in charge of managing the building and leasing the office space, is promoting the venue as the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. The steel broadcasting tower sits atop the 104-story office building built on the site of the 2001 terrorist attacks. When the World Trade Center Twin Towers were destroyed on 9/11/01, the Empire State Building became New Yorks tallest building, as it had been when it opened on May 1, 1931. No longer. Before that, the Chrysler Building was the tallest. Weeks before the Chrysler Building topped out, the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street was the highest in the land. New York City has always been a competitive place. NYC Skyscrapers Competing To Be the Highest NYC Building Year Height in Feet 1WTC 2014 1,776 Central Park Tower 2019 1,775 111 West 57th Street 2018 1,438 One Vanderbilt Place 2021 1,401 432 Park Avenue 2015 1,396 2WTC 2021 1,340 30 Hudson Yards 2019 1,268 Empire State Building 1931 1,250 Bank of America 2009 1,200 3WTC 2018 1,079 9 DeKalb Avenue 2020 1,066 53W53 (MoMA Tower; Tower Verre) 2018 1,050 Chrysler Building 1930 1,047 New York Times Building 2007 1,046 One57 2014 1,004 4WTC 2013 977 70 Pine Street (AIG) 1932 952 40 Wall Street 1930 927 30 Park Place 2016 926 World Trade Center Buildings Lower Manhattan has risen from the ashes.  The new World Trade Center buildings combine to create a startling skyline. Instead of the monolithic Twin Tower rectangles that once stood on Ground Zero, the site is a whirlwind of angular shapes and surprising contrasts of metals, glass, and stone. The first Tower completed, 7WTC in 2006, got the ball rolling at 741 feet. Daniel Libeskinds 2002 Master Plan vision of a descending spiral of building heights has been honored by all of the WTC architects. The minimalist 4WTC by Japanese Pritzker Laureate Fumihiko Maki is no exception. Given the irregular shape, states Gary Kamemoto, Director at Maki and Associates, we were experimenting with triangulating the building form and make it look very light. Besides its beauty and functionality, the 977-foot Tower 4 is being advertised as exceeding NYC Building Codes. The magnificent, triangular 1WTC designed by David Childs and Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) is symbolic (its height is 1776 feet), historic, designed to achieve LEED Gold, and arguably the most secure skyscraper in all of Manhattan. The spire of 1WTC doesnt quite look like the architects initial rendering, but when the top beacon is lit, New Yorks tallest building becomes visible for 50 miles in every direction. Lets hope the guiding light attracts more and more tenants to this new urban space. Architecture needs people. Sources WTC video, 4 WTC Architect Fumihiko Maki, at www.wtc.com/media/videos/4%20WTC%20Architect%20%20Fumihiko%20Maki [accessed November 2, 2014]Additional photos by jayk7/Moment Collection/Getty Images

Essay on Contemporary Choral Music - 2238 Words

Contemporary Choral Compositions Most people that live in the modern generation view choral music as old, boring harmonies whose composers died with kings. However, choral music is not just for the elderly singing hymns apathetically in the church pews on Sunday morning. Though the perception of it remains unenthusiastic among common listeners, the life of choral music is not as dead or boring as most would assume. Choral music is made modern, enjoyable, and vibrant through the works of contemporary composers. Although it is not as recognized in modern generations, brilliant vocal compositions and composers still exist today. Two of the most recognized composers of contemporary choral music today are Morten Lauridsen and Eric Whitacre.†¦show more content†¦While reading love poems, Lauridsen became increasingly intrigued by the symbolic image of flames that recurred within the context. â€Å"I decided to compose an intensely dramatic cycle based on Renaissance love poems employing this fire motive while blending stylistic musical features of the period with contemporary compositional idiom,† says Lauridsen. The musical textures of this composition are replete with Renaissance techniques, including word painting, modality, intricate counterpoint, and bold harmonies unified by what Lauridsen terms the â€Å"fire chord,† a minor triad with an added major seventh. The six movements of Madrigali, in order, include Ov’à ¨, Lass’, Il Bel Viso?, Quando Son Pià ¹ Lontan, Amor, Io Sento L’Alma, Io Piango, Luci Serene e Chiare, and Se per Havervi, Oimà ¨. 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Others may strongly disagree; even though it has stood the test of time what actually makes this the sole definition of â€Å"good† music? It doesn’t, there really is not a true universal defin ition. There are multipleRead MoreFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces952 Words   |  4 PagesFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces Francis Poulencs music was considered avant garde, even in a time when art and expression focused on finding something new and different. Poulenc was a key member of the group Les Six, a French Group that wished to move music away from impressionism, formality, and the intellectual tendencies that had dictated creativity in the previous century (Rovi Corp, 2012). They wished to create conceptual music that was based on the expression of pure human emotion. Undoubtedly

Yum Brands Free Essays

Porters 5 Forces Model is a valuable tool in evaluating the condition of the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry that Yum Brands is actively dominating. While there is much competition in China in the food industry, it is undeniable that with the CEO’s guidance, Sam Su, the growth that they have accomplished over the years is exponential. This growth is due to the fact that Su looks at the bigger picture, imaging what he wants the company to be like in five to ten years, and making that dream happen immediately. We will write a custom essay sample on Yum Brands or any similar topic only for you Order Now Porter shaped this strategy to give a thorough analysis of the condition of any given industry and determine the feasibility of entering, but also to determine the level of competition being dealt with by current established participants in the industry in order to reposition themselves for further growth and development. Thus, Porter gives the 5 Basic Competitive Forces and suggests analyzing each one in the scope of the industry. 1. Barriers to Entry In China’s fast-food industry, largely dominated by Yum! Brands, the barriers to entry are high due to several key factors. First, a company trying to break into the Yum! Brands market must compete with their restaurants, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, which have a combined total of over 3600 stores in their market. Economies of scale come into play because most fast-food companies have the capital and production abilities to produce their product and additional products for much cheaper than a beginning fast-food restaurant that is entering into the market. A major factor in the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry in China is now differentiation and the altering of the product is order to suit the Chinese people’s tastes rather than American’s tastes. The restaurants in the market are attempting to find new ways to appeal to consumers without drifting away from their key products who have brought them lots of success. For example, compared to Americans, Chinese people like spicier things and a more variety of things, so Yum! Brands decided to extend each menu and alter recipes to fit this requirement. The recent, rapid growth of the fast-food industry in China is a good area of focus for existing American fast-food companies wanting to expand their business, but the product must be easily altered to catch the Chinese people’s likes and to have resistance to competing restaurants. Another barrier to entry could potentially branch from the government to control health standards. Companies must invest in research and development to determine ways to address health concerns and tabulate a healthier product. Ultimately, Yum! Brands in China have dominated the market share and are making it difficult for new entrant to expect a profitable gain upon entry. However, in order for Yum! Brands to continue their success steady innovating and investing need to be accomplished in order to stay ahead in the industry. 2. Rivalry In this industry, the competition is rigorous and several large companies hold majority of the market. The barriers to entry are very easy, which in turn means many competitors. Yum! Brands main competitors are McDonald’s Corp, Burger King Holdings, Subway, Dairy Queen, Starbucks, and Papa John’s Intl (PIZZA). Though there may be many competitors, economies of scale can cause smaller competitors to get crowded out or bought out by a larger company. Yum! Brands have to continually be competitive and shift their strategy in response to other companies’ new ideas and business strategies. Yum! Brand’s restaurants had to develop more menu specific items and a wider variety to tap into the Chinese food market. This also allowed them to stay one step ahead of competitors such as McDonald’s. In 1987, Yum! Brands opened the first KFC in Beijing and since then, have built the largest restaurant company in mainland China due to the large population growth. It is a costly market to enter and once in it, a company needs to realize at least their fixed costs before exiting, making Yum! Brands’ restaurants even more dominate in the market. How to cite Yum Brands, Papers

Al Capone Biography Essay Example For Students

Al Capone Biography Essay By Instinct Capone Was A Heartless Mindless KillerConsidered the most notorious gangster in history, Alphonse Capone, otherwise known as Scarface Al, was born in New York, 1899, in a small apartment in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. Having many run-ins with the police growing up, he was always around the local street gang led my Johnny Torrio. After beating one of his sixth grade teachers, he quit school, and quickly learned the way of the streets, joining the Torrio gang, call the James Street Gang. James Street also included Lucky Luciano, one of Capones best friends, who would later also become a notorious gangster (Internet 1, 1). As he grew older, Capone was hired by the gang leader, Torrio, to be a bouncer at a bar in Brooklyn, taking his first step up the gang ladder. One night, Capones cheek was slashed during a fight at the bar over a girl. It was from then on he was known as Scarface. Later in his life, when asked by reporters where he got this scare, he often lied of serving in the Lost Battalion in WWI, even though he never served in the military (Internet 1, 1). Soon Enough, Capone was in trouble in again. He had killed a man in an argument and was on the run. After calling his old friend Torrio, he was invited to come to Chicago Barfoot 2and make a fresh start. At the time, Torrio was working for his uncle, the current leader of the Chicago underground, Big Jim Colosimo. With the prohibition came possibilities for large alcohol based profits. Torrio knew that Big Jim could make extremely large amounts of money, but Colosimo could not be persuaded to try his hand. So, in 1920, Torrio had Capone plan and carry out the murder of Big Jim, making Torrio the new boss of Chicago, with Capone as his right hand man, and manager of bootlegging alcohol (Internet 3, 1). As they started their completer takeover of Chicago, few mobs would put up any resistance. One that did was the Irish North Side gang. Capone soon called in Frankie Yale, one of his old gang mates from Brooklyn, and the same man that had done the Colosimo assassination, to murder Dion OBanion, the head of the North side gang. His death did little to persuade the gang to back down, and they continued to fight on and off for a few years. During one of these battles, Torrio himself was shot and hospitalized with a severe wound. After many close calls, he finally recovered and left the hospital. He had thought a lot while in the hospital and decided it was better to call it quits and retire to Brooklyn, giving the entire Chicago empire to a then 26 year-old Capone (Internet 1, 1). Capone found himself in another tight spot and had to quickly learn the ways of business, now heading up a workforce of over 1,000 men and managing a payroll of over 300,000 dollars a week (Internet 1, 1). From here on, Capone only gained more respect, Barfoot 3and his control of Chicago and the surrounding suburbs became immense. With almost all of the policemen, attorneys, mayors, governors, and congressmen in his pocket, he was virtually untouchable. Also, by surrounding himself by other loyal gangsters he could trust, his mob grew larger, taking over the entire town of Cicero, Illinois. He was also one of the first to accept men of all different nationalities into his gang, as long as the were loyal, even hiring the man who gave him his famous scar in the bar fight (Internet 1, 1). .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .postImageUrl , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:hover , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:visited , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:active { border:0!important; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:active , .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2 .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7337f32a1d37ac3a2c120bafd1366be2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution EssayWith his power, Capone also acquired many enemies, as well as allies. Many of his old rival gangs soon joined under him in hopes of reaching the big time. He also gained much public support by directing his mob into fields that the public favored, like alcohol and gambling (Internet 1, 2). However, Capone was constantly on guard for the ever looming assassination attempt. Many times, a bodyguard saved Capones life, in these trys at Capones life, showing their dedication to Capone and the mob. If the gangsters where not dedicated, or showed signs of breaking loyalty, Capone would often beat them to the punch, as was in the case of two of his best gun men, John Scalise and Albert Anselmi. When they first showed signs of desertion, Capone invited them for dinner, producing a wrapped up gift box. From this he took out a club, and proceeded to beat them in the head until they died, making an example of them (Internet 1, 3). At the height of his power, Capone would make his first real mistake in his career Barfoot 4of crime, sending him on a downhill plunge, eventually leading to him being arrested and his death. Although in Florida at the time, Capone called for the assassination of the leader of one of his biggest rival gangs, Bugs Moran. His men, posing as cops, drove to the Gangs hideout, and did a fake bust. Offering no resistance, they were brutally gunned down by Capones men. Bugs Moran however, was not among the 7 men killed. This finally got the government to put pressure on Capone. Not being able to get Capone on the murder charge, they began to look for ways to bring him down. They soon found the way, and in 1929, he was convicted of income tax evasion and sentenced for 11 years in a federal Prison in Atlanta (Internet 1, 3). After 4 years, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison until his release in 1939. But his time in jail had taken its toll on him. His health deteriorated with untreated syphilis, and he soon showed signs of being stir crazy, not uncommon for prisoners that had spent time in Alcatraz. Returning to his Florida Mansion, he soon began to show signs of lucidity and mental inertia (Internet 1, 3). Alphonse Capone, died, on January 25, 1947, of a stroke and pneumonia. He is still remembered today among the most notorious gangsters in history. BibliographyAlphonse Capone (1899 -1947) Chicago Crime Leader Seize The Night. (2000) 10 Nov. 2004. http://www.carpenoctem.tv/mafia/acaponeAlphonse Capone, aka. Al, Scarface Famous Cases. 11 Nov. 2004. http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/capone/caponeAl Capone Biography: Al Capone. 10 Nov. 2004. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/capone